Toward a Sustainable Elder Care Policy: Reform Recommendations for Indonesia A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

Indonesia’s demographic transition toward an ageing society presents increasing pressure on its health and social care systems. This systematic literature review synthesizes global long-term care (LTC) policy models to identify reform pathways suitable for Indonesia. Searches across Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar yielded 92 eligible studies, which were analyzed thematically. The review identified four essential components of sustainable LTC systems: coherent governance, structured financing, diversified service delivery frameworks, and professionalized caregiving workforces. The findings highlight critical gaps within Indonesia’s current elder care landscape, characterized by fragmented governance, reliance on informal care, absence of LTC financing, and limited home- and community-based services. The review concludes that Indonesia must undertake systemic reforms by establishing a national LTC rnauthority, adopting phased LTC financing, developing an integrated community-based care model, and elevating caregiver training standards. These reforms are essential for ensuring equity, resilience, and sustainability as Indonesia transitions toward an ageing population.